Phi 6 (Φ6) bacteriophage is a proposed surrogate to study pathogenic enveloped viruses including SARS-CoV-2-the causative agent of COVID-19-based on structural similarities, BSL-1 status, and ease of use. To determine the role of virus-contaminated hands in disease transmission, an enhanced understanding of buffer and method performance for Φ6 recovery needs to be determined. Four buffer types and three methodologies were investigated for the recovery of Φ6 from human fingerpads over a 30 min duration.
Phosphate buffered saline (PBS), PBS + 0.1% Tween, 0.1 M glycine + 3% beef extract, and viral transport medium were evaluated as buffers for recovery of 6 via a dish, modified glove juice, and vigorous swabbing method. 6 concentrations on fingerpads were determined at 0-, 5-, 10-, and 30-min post-inoculation. While there were observed differences in virus recovery across buffer and method types depending on the time point, log PFU recovery based on buffer type or methodology was not significantly different at any time point (P > 0.05). The results presented in this study will allow for future work on Φ6 persistence, transfer between hands and surfaces, and efficacy of hand hygiene methods to be performed using a well-characterized and validated recovery method.
Isolation and characterization of Chinese standard fulvic acid sub-fractions separated from forest soil by stepwise elution with pyrophosphate buffer
XAD-8 adsorption technique coupled with stepwise elution using pyrophosphate buffers with initial pH values of 3, 5, 7, 9, and 13 was developed to isolate Chinese standard fulvic acid (FA) and then separated the FA into five sub-fractions: FApH3, FApH5, FApH7, FApH9 and FApH13, respectively. Mass percentages of FApH3-FApH13 decreased from 42% to 2.5%, and the recovery ratios ranged from 99.0% to 99.5%. Earlier eluting sub-fractions contained greater proportions of carboxylic groups with greater polarity and molecular mass, and later eluting sub-fractions had greater phenolic and aliphatic content. Protein-like components, as well as amorphous and crystalline poly(methylene)-containing components were enriched using neutral and basic buffers.
Three main mechanisms likely affect stepwise elution of humic components from XAD-8 resin with pyrophosphate buffers including: 1) the carboxylic-rich sub-fractions are deprotonated at lower pH values and eluted earlier, while phenolic-rich sub-fractions are deprotonated at greater pH values and eluted later. 2) protein or protein-like components can be desorbed and eluted by use of stepwise elution as progressively greater pH values exceed their isoelectric points. 3) size exclusion affects elution of FA sub-fractions. Successful isolation of FA sub-fractions will benefit exploration of the origin, structure, evolution and the investigation of interactions with environmental contaminants.
Aluminum elution and precipitation in glass vials: effect of pH and buffer species
Inorganic extractables from glass vials may cause particle formation in the drug solution. In this study, the ability of eluting Al ion from borosilicate glass vials, and tendencies of precipitation containing Al were investigated using various pHs of phosphate, citrate, acetate and histidine buffer. Through heating, all of the buffers showed that Si and Al were eluted from glass vials in ratios almost the same as the composition of borosilicate glass, and the amounts of Al and Si from various buffer solutions at pH 7 were in the following order: citrate>> phosphate>> acetate>> histidine. In addition, during storage after heating, the Al concentration at certain pHs of phosphate and acetate buffer solution decreased, suggesting the formation of particles containing Al.
In citrate buffer, Al did not decrease in spite of the high elution amount. Considering that the solubility profile of aluminum oxide and the Al eluting profile of borosilicate glass were different, it is speculated that Al ion may be forced to leach into the buffer solution according to Si elution on the surface of glass vials. When Al ions were added to the buffer solutions, phosphate, acetate and histidine buffer showed a decrease of Al concentration during storage at a neutral range of pHs, indicating the formation of particles containing Al. In conclusion, it is suggested that phosphate buffer solution has higher possibility of forming particles containing Al than other buffer solutions.
Optimization of the elution buffer and concentration method for detecting hepatitis E virus in swine liver using a nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
The aim of this study was to develop an optimal technique for detecting hepatitis E virus (HEV) in swine livers. Here, three elution buffers and two concentration methods were compared with respect to enhancing recovery of HEV from swine liver samples. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested RT-PCR were performed to detect HEV RNA. When phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4) was used to concentrate HEV in swine liver samples using ultrafiltration, real-time RT-PCR detected HEV in 6 of the 26 samples.
When threonine buffer was used to concentrate HEV using polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation and ultrafiltration, real-time RT-PCR detected HEV in 1 and 3 of the 26 samples, respectively. When glycine buffer was used to concentrate HEV using ultrafiltration and PEG precipitation, real-time RT-PCR detected HEV in 1 and 3 samples of the 26 samples, respectively. When nested RT-PCR was used to detect HEV, all samples tested negative regardless of the type of elution buffer or concentration method used. Therefore, the combination of real-time RT-PCR and ultrafiltration with PBS buffer was the most sensitive and reliable method for detecting HEV in swine livers.
DNA adsorption to and elution from silica surfaces: influence of amino acid buffers
Solid phase extraction and purification of DNA from complex samples typically requires chaotropic salts that can inhibit downstream polymerase amplification if carried into the elution buffer. Amino acid buffers may serve as a more compatible alternative for modulating the interaction between DNA and silica surfaces. We characterized DNA binding to silica surfaces, facilitated by representative amino acid buffers, and the subsequent elution of DNA from the silica surfaces. Through bulk depletion experiments, we found that more DNA adsorbs to silica particles out of positively compared to negatively charged amino acid buffers.
Additionally, the type of the silica surface greatly influences the amount of DNA adsorbed and the final elution yield. Quartz crystal microbalance experiments with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) revealed multiphasic DNA adsorption out of stronger adsorbing conditions such as arginine, glycine, and glutamine, with DNA more rigidly bound during the early stages of the adsorption process.
EB001 Elution Buffer| Signosis | 200 µl: 47.00 EUR |
IB47095 ELUTION BUFFER| IBI Scientific | 30ML: 25.27 EUR |
IBS-BE019 Elution Buffer| iNtRON Biotechnology Inc | 100 mL: 21.00 EUR |
MBS689646-125mL Elution Buffer| MyBiosource | 125mL: 125.00 EUR |
IN31-01773 Elution Buffer (120ml)| Westburg | each: 62.68 EUR |
09-1012-10 IMAC elution buffer| Medicago | 10 tablets/ blisterpack: 102.00 EUR |
09-1012-50 IMAC elution buffer| Medicago | 50 tablets: 201.60 EUR |
AVEB-1000 AlbuVoid Elution Buffer AVEB| Biotech Support Group | 1000 mL: 547.20 EUR |
AVEB-500 AlbuVoid Elution Buffer AVEB| Biotech Support Group | 500 mL: 294.00 EUR |
HVEB-1000 HemoVoid Elution Buffer HVEB| Biotech Support Group | 1000 mL: 547.20 EUR |
HVEB-500 HemoVoid Elution Buffer HVEB| Biotech Support Group | 500 mL: 294.00 EUR |
UPEB-1000 UPCK Elution Buffer UPEB™| Biotech Support Group | 1000 mL: 547.20 EUR |
UPEB-50 UPCK Elution Buffer UPEB™| Biotech Support Group | 50 mL: 175.00 EUR |
UPEB-500 UPCK Elution Buffer UPEB™| Biotech Support Group | 500 mL: 294.00 EUR |
HVEB-50-0 NRicher Elution Buffer NREB™| Biotech Support Group | 50 mL: 175.00 EUR |
IBS-BN014 Ni-NTA Native Elution buffer| iNtRON Biotechnology Inc | 500 mL: 42.00 EUR |
AVEB-50 AlbuVoid Elution Buffer AVEB™| Biotech Support Group | 50 mL: 175.00 EUR |
HVEB-50 HemoVoid Elution Buffer HVEB™| Biotech Support Group | 50 mL: 175.00 EUR |
IBS-BI003 IP Elution Buffer, Protein A/G| iNtRON Biotechnology Inc | 500 mL: 49.00 EUR |
17088-15 Arg-Antibody Elution Buffer(pH 4.0)| NACALAI TESQUE | 500ML: 91.00 EUR |
TRI-C74M1B01 Elution Buffer (BSC74M1B matching component)| TRI Biotech | 20mL: 50.40 EUR |
IBS-BN010 Ni-NTA Denaturation Elution buffer D| iNtRON Biotechnology Inc | 500 mL: 63.00 EUR |
IBS-BN011 Ni-NTA Denaturation Elution buffer E| iNtRON Biotechnology Inc | 500 mL: 63.00 EUR |
DS0040-250ML Elution Buffer(ET) [ 10mM Tris-Cl, pH8.| EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit: 73.42 EUR |
DS0040-500ML Elution Buffer(ET) [ 10mM Tris-Cl, pH8.| EWC Diagnostics | 1 unit: 146.39 EUR |
P1004E6-010 PURY Elution Buffer, Sufficient for 2000 prep| GenDepot | 105 ml: 130.00 EUR |
Z-genesigEASY-Elution-Buffer Elution buffer for use with genesig easy extraction kit| Novacyt Group | each: 314.00 EUR |
EXOFLOW100A-1 CD9 Exo-Flow capture kit (Magnetic streptavidin beads, CD9-biotin capture antibody, Wash and Elution Buffers, Exo-FITC stain)| SBI | 10 reactions: 500.00 EUR |
The DNA film adsorbed out of glutamate was more flexible and uniform throughout the adsorption process. QCM-D characterization of DNA elution from the silica surface indicates an uptake in water mass during the initial stage of DNA elution for the stronger adsorbing conditions, which suggests that for these conditions the DNA film is partly dehydrated during the prior adsorption process. Overall, several positively charged and polar neutral amino acid buffers show promise as an alternative to methods based on chaotropic salts for solid phase DNA extraction.